Prenatal development boundless psychology lumen learning. The brain development that takes place during the prenatal period helps set the course for what will take place outside the womb. The first two weeks of development are concerned with simple cell multiplication. The second trimester includes weeks through 27 of a pregnancy.
The course of this prenatal development is divided into three main periods. During each prenatal stage, genetic and environmental factors can affect development. During this period, your babys body structure and organ systems develop. About one month into this stage, the sex organs of the fetus begin to form.
What are the characteristics of the prenatal stage answers. Developmental characteristics and interests of schoolage. Maternal characteristics of prenatal wic receipt in the. The last stage of prenatal development is the fetal stage, which lasts from two months after conception until birth. Prenatal development starts with fertilization, in the germinal stage of embryonic development, and continues in fetal development until birth. Prenatal development 35 genes are passed only from mother to child. This period is generally divided into three stages. While you might think of child development as something that begins during infancy, the prenatal period is also considered an important part of the developmental process. Thorn b, tadler c, huret n, ayo e, trippe c, mendelson m, et al. There are three stages of prenatal developmentgerminal, embryonic, and fetal. Most psychoactive recreational substances have some deleterious effects on prenatal development leading to problems including low birthweight, premature birth, and impaired brain development.
Children wic seeks to improve fetal development and reduce the incidence of low birth weight, preterm birth, and maternal anemia through intervention during pregnancy 1. The first two weeks after conception are known as the germinal stage. The first trimester is the most crucial to your babys development. Promoting healthy prenatal development prenatal development is divided into three distinct stages these are the zygote, embryo and the real sense these three periods are a representation of continuous phases of development during which the developing organism is sustained and protected by amniotic sac, placenta and umbical cord and. Stages of prenatal development divided into three periods. Although much of prenatal development occurs within the physical domain, developments in the cognitive and psychosocial domains also emerge at this time. Prenatal development is a time of remarkable change that helps set the stage for future psychological developme. Mouse 6 to 8 cm 8 to 30 gm claw buds and scrotum present 3 mo. First, maternal and fetal risk conditions arising in the prenatal period do not do so. The impact of prenatal wic participation on infant mortality and racial disparities. Prenatal development is also organized into three equal trimesters, which do not correspond with the three stages. Pathogenesis of malformations of the central nervous system includes both genetic and environmental factors.
Jul 31, 2011 factors affecting prenatal development the elaborate details of life begin with a single cell that develops into a full term fetus within approximately 40 weeks, 280 days or 10 lunar months. Aug 18, 2019 in most cases, prenatal development occurs normally and follows the established patterns of development with little variation. I will deal with objections to this view when i critique the decisive moment and gradualist views in both this article and the final part of this series. Prenatal development refers to the process in which a baby develops from a single cell after conception into an embryo and later a fetus. Perinatal characteristics serve as markers for factors that affect initial exposure to antigens, including bacterial antigens that can populate the intestinal microbiome and viruses that may affect the composition of the microbiome. Teaching children the facts of life male and female reproduction birth defects, genetics, and heredity pregnancy stages of prenatal development labor, childbirth, and postpartum care. Prenatal development and infancy birth, of course, does not mark the beginning of human development. The developing fetus is completely dependent on the mother for life. Conception the union of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell to form a new organism. Lets take a look at what happens to the developing baby in each of these stages. The naturenurture argument begins to break down when examining in detail the mechanisms of visual cognitive development, because visual cognitive development is a function of growth. The effect of prenatal and childhood development on hearing. We examined hearing, vision and cognitive function in adulthood according to selfreported birth weight an index of prenatal development and adult height an index of early childhood development. However, a number of things, usually caused by genetics or environmental problems, can go wrong during this time.
Prenatal damage caused by psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, inhalants, and tobacco is still far too common. Conception occurs when an egg from the mother is fertilized by a sperm from the father. Age relative size cr measurement weight external fetal characteristics 2 mo. Exposures during the prenatal period coincide with the initial development of the immune system. Prenatal development includes the development of the embryo and of the fetus during a. Factors affecting prenatal development essay 1145 words.
Much of development is generated by the fetus itself. The defining characteristic of the fetal stage is growth. External features such as the face, neck, eyelids, limbs, digits, and. The crucial impact prenatal influences have on development has been recognized for millennia. Cleveland clinic is a nonprofit academic medical center. Prenatal characteristics of infants with a neuronal migration. Prenatal development baby, stages, average, definition. Geneticists have learned that several serious dis orders, including some types of blindness, are transmitted in this way.
Prenatal and perinatal characteristics associated with. In most such cases, the mother herself is unaffected by the harmful genes chinnery, 2006. The object of this study was to describe the prenatal development and histochemical properties of mucins in the sheep gastrointestinal tract. Child growth and development pregnancy and prenatal. Description the average length of time for prenatal development to complete is 38 weeks from the date of conception. The prenatal period of development is a time of physical growth, but whats going on inside the brain is critical for future psychological development. The development of an individual is accomplished by a selective switching on and off of genes. Nature and nurture combine forces in prenatal development. Conception conception is the union of the mothers and fathers sex cells, also known as gametes or germ cells. Although it is relatively short, the prenatal period has six important characteristics, each of which has a lasting effect on development during the life span.
The hereditary endowment, which serves as the foundation for later development, is fixed, once and for all, all this time. The prenatal development period covers the time from conception to birth and is sometimes described in terms of trimesters first, second, and third or of three stages germinal, embryonic, and fetal. The process of growth and development within the womb, in which a singlecell zygote the cell formed by the combination of a sperm and an egg becomes an embryo, a fetus, and then a baby. Prenatal development from latin natalis, meaning relating to birth includes the development of the embryo and of the fetus during a viviparous animals gestation. The study of development begins at the moment of conception the sperm fight to be the only the egg.
It is unclear what the contribution of prenatal versus childhood development is for adult cognitive and sensory function and agerelated decline in function. Prenatal development, the process encompassing the period from the formation of an embryo, through the development of a fetus, to birth. Mar 26, 2009 while going over the facts of prenatal development i will present the case for the prolife view that full humanness begins at conception. Prenatal development introduction to psychology lumen learning. Prenatal development and histochemical characteristics of. Prenatal wic receipt is associated with lower infant mortality and stronger cognitive development among toddlers and children 2,3.
Jul 09, 2016 6 important characteristics of prenatal period 1 the heredity endowment 2 favourable conditions 3 sex 4 proportionally greater growth and development 5 the prenatal period is a time of many hazards, both physical and psychological. Most miscarriages and birth defects occur during this period. It is now known that the environment experienced during pregnancy influences development in a way that. The development stages of pregnancy are called trimesters, or threemonth periods, because of the distinct changes that occur in each stage.
Stages of prenatal development the process of prenatal development occurs in three main stages. Pdf for decades, researchers have investigated how events in the prenatal. It is important that the mother takes good care of herself and receives prenatal care, which is medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus. We do not endorse noncleveland clinic products or services. A discussion of the prenatal development of musicality would be incomplete. Explain how the developing embryo and fetus may be harmed by the presence of teratogens and describe what a mother can do to reduce her risk. This process can be divided into three distinct stages. Prenatal development is the process that occurs during the 40 weeks prior to the birth of a child. Once the eightcell point has been reached, the cells begin to differentiate and take on certain characteristics that will determine the type of cells. Environmental influences cont maternal factors stress unusual stress during pregnancy at elevated risk of malformations. The prenatal period begins with fertilization of the oocyte and ends with delivery. Apr 03, 2012 the development of the central nervous system is complex and includes dorsal and ventral induction, neuronal proliferation, and neuronal migration, organization, and myelination.
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